Is there a difference between the typing patterns of those with Parkinson’s Disease versus those without?

---

Rationale

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease, purportedly caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. This manifests in the form of a range of motor and non-motor symptoms in those with the disease. Despite there being an estimated 6.1 million people with Parkinson’s disease globally (1), it’s estimated that roughly a quarter of those diagnosed with the disease were initially misdiagnosed (2). This indicates a need for a more accurate method of detecting Parkinson’s disease. It could be possible to detect Parkinson’s in an individuals home environment, via the collection of human-computer interactions through recording their keyboard typing behaviours. This is under the assumption that, due to the motor symptoms of the disease, they will have different motor movements in their hands and fingers.

Using data collected from the software Tappy, this visualisation will aim to answer: Is it possible to detect a difference between the keyboard tapping latency of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients in comparison to controls?

---

Data Origins

Data collected via Kaggle as sampled from Adams et al (2017). Data collected from ‘Tappy’ software which was predownloaded onto participants’ computers and summarised by TStafford.

#Opening data in R
library(tidyverse)
df=read.csv('/Users/leahm/Documents/R/Parkinsons Data/PSY6422 project/summary_tappy_data.csv')

---

Data Preparation

#Separating and specifying variables to create a data frame
df=read.csv('/Users/leahm/Documents/R/Parkinsons Data/PSY6422 project/summary_tappy_data.csv', sep=',', header =TRUE)

Table 1: First five participants’ data as appears in data frame that was used for analysis.

X	BirthYear	Gender	Parkinsons	Tremors	DiagnosisYear	Sided	UPDRS	Impact	Levadopa	DA	MAOB	Other	typing_mean	typing_count	hold_mean	hold_std
OAXZCZWN7W	NA	Male	True	False	2014	Right	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
QEYNMBJ8T0	1940	Male	True	False	2009	None	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
6WBXSDG5BB	NA	Female	True	True		Left	4	Medium	True	False	False	True	239.9545	329300	131.02919	7.378557e+01
2JTCBKUP8T	1958	Male	True	True	2013	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	327.4835	18643	90.41164	2.896919e+01
9ZRBC5WOZR	1943	Female	True	True	2016	Left	1	Mild	False	False	False	False	290.3556	9	131.94444	3.703894e+01
8O9IAIA9L1	1947	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	231.6527	15073	102.00955	5.756558e+01
LA6KW35OXK	1958	Female	False	True	2016	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
4GUYFBZMK9	1953	Male	True	False	2012	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	True	True	False	248.7431	2189	69.95327	1.643944e+01
XWAX2IHF3O	1970	Female	True	True	2007	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
ACSKCOJC06	NA	Male	True	True	2016	Left	Don’t know	Medium	False	True	False	False	375.7491	930	100.65731	3.776628e+01
5USOYSDCXB	1941	Male	True	True	2017	None	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	159.1842	66094	72.77506	2.365840e+01
S8Y5T8RWZ4	NA	Male	True	True		Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
QDV7XQWLI7	1938	Male	True	False	2016	None	Don’t know		False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
QPEDAXESTL	1938	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
FHEOPKL3QQ	1948	Female	True	True	2014	Right	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	False	459.3573	1886	149.85646	4.268825e+01
LKYPMARSKU	1946	Female	True	True	2017	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
1XNJCXS3EY	1936	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	325.5696	1133	123.79347	4.712706e+01
UDCY90VKYN	1938	Male	True	False	2016	Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
HAEZ2A3NM5	1985	Male	True	True	2013	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
EX8J9DGRSY	1943	Male	True	False	2007	Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	567.2643	645	151.21380	3.677837e+01
AFNOZ1KI1M	1943	Female	True	True	2013	None	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	False	246.8509	403	142.27543	5.253019e+01
YIA9DW5AGQ	1934	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
H08AW2YBAJ	1952	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
PJU53Y7KVB	NA	Male	True	True		Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
YWAWVFZZZE	NA	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
X7PEJ5EG77	1953	Male	True	False	2015	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
ZIUU38ZJXA	1946	Female	True	True	2004	Right	Don’t know	Severe	True	True	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
WCNUFGGLYB	1941	Female	True	True	2017	Left	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
ERFIZ5O8FM	NA	Male	True	False	2010	None	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	True	False	351.3246	1160	159.00922	5.344951e+01
BBCWCBNBPR	1952	Male	True	False	1996	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	263.0753	2313	92.10588	2.635311e+01
LEFLOMUTBN	1943	Male	True	False	2016	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
BZ8MQ2TBMS	NA	Female	True	False	2015	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	True	True	206.1330	7261	90.64786	3.128183e+01
5YFAPLRCMD	1967	Male	True	True	2016	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	320.3668	10281	106.04860	3.318588e+01
NSYGJALQVO	1938	Male	True	False	2016	None	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
MDL9KS0SFL	NA	Female	True	False		None	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	True	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
LSQWWDXEYO	1951	Male	True	True	2016	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
3LBXTMXULC	NA	Female	True	True	2016	Left	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
PJRIZQJMKO	1947	Male	True	False	2016	Left	Don’t know	Medium	False	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
L7Q16SJ7KP	1965	Male	True	True	2007	Right	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	True	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
E0TBSMYHQI	1948	Male	True	False	2015	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	309.4667	430	86.86163	2.706921e+01
7HTEQAAWWO	1942	Male	True	False	2012	None	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	False	380.1444	27	124.13333	8.636976e+01
NTWSB0ULD7	1962	Male	True	True	2013	Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
MQJBGHOEXP	NA	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
EZF9NAHLOU	1949	Male	True	False	2015	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	True	False	False	379.9808	168	94.60479	3.323478e+01
3DIXPRIOSW	1936	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	521.7189	1055	153.25649	5.189900e+01
VIAXR21TSC	1946	Female	True	True	2012	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
4XPHKKBXS6	NA	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	528.3705	1495	159.59016	5.484139e+01
ZYWLN4JVLA	NA	Female	True	False		Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	True	True	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
JQ0YSY0AYO	1949	Male	True	False	2015	None	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	True	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
J3QZ0MCD1Y	1940	Female	True	True	2008	Right	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
CPSM4LIXDS	1946	Male	True	False	2016	Right	Don’t know	Severe	False	False	False	True	428.0353	15939	68.69354	1.328817e+01
SKLXBAOSN4	1951	Female	True	True	2009	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
M0PBVLISCF	1967	Male	True	False		Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
YWMIQIQND3	1953	Female	True	True	2016	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
VR0LFE1JUC	1965	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
AFQWSP8ARK	NA	Male	True	True		Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	278.4053	60963	113.61554	3.720006e+02
F8KU8UP2SZ	1936	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	399.8244	6398	122.02713	3.785057e+01
COK8G1W7JY	NA	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	314.7366	11980	83.78785	2.663260e+01
ZT9ASWFCFS	1957	Female	True	True	2008	Left	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
48DZPAJ5NS	1950	Male	True	False	2010	None	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	True	316.3859	12073	132.30858	2.689010e+01
K4TGUFAPJ8	1937	Male	True	False	2011	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
WDNE1Q9EHT	1941	Female	True	False	2012	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	True	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
FIWPKLWCT5	1940	Male	True	True	1996	Right	Don’t know	Severe	True	True	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
QCFNDCZPQH	1962	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
Z2UPVHHGBE	1947	Female	True	True	2015	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
5PQVTWULAC	1943	Female	True	True	2009	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	True	False	True	408.8581	4720	125.24074	3.542390e+01
ZWBPPNQCUX	1942	Male	True	False	2016	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
S0YGDLIF9V	NA	Male	True	False		None	4	Severe	True	True	True	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
2X17VCRRQA	1951	Male	True	True	2003	Left	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	False	406.1117	753	90.44236	1.942293e+01
GN1CUIPUTJ	1938	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
GUDRVXO6RX	1956	Female	True	False	2008	None	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
MG8XVA5BFA	1942	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
IDZHIUK2W2	1943	Female	True	True	2013	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
RWQHSVOUGI	NA	Female	True	True	2012	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
SW61HF6XRY	1953	Male	True	True	2016	None	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
F56FSV2EP7	1961	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	500.5076	6668	168.31352	5.038318e+01
FX9KOOZRZL	1943	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
S9C3TTX3NE	1945	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
VCTVD6LMPK	1933	Female	True	False	2012	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	True	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
SWJ4Q9V1NW	1948	Male	True	True	2014	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
JMYZ5IKGWE	NA	Female	True	True	2008	Right	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
GHRLW1IJRV	1949	Female	True	True	2009	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
TBOPVHGLMX	1942	Male	True	False	2016	None	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
FXC5YFXZ0K	1943	Male	True	False	2009	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
TL2XHTLK1T	1947	Male	True	True	2014	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
ZEA4RST93H	NA	Male	True	True		None	Don’t know		True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
7QVQD5IJEH	1939	Male	True	False	2010	Right	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	True	277.8940	100	112.97300	4.877630e+01
6LB9FQABZQ	1956	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	202.2538	34336	112.76209	5.753441e+01
LFKWFNOFEM	1952	Female	True	True	2017	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
ZY9CCHSPF2	NA	Female	True	True	2015	Right	Don’t know	Medium	False	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
KTUVFFSLN4	1946	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
VCFUOTMSKT	1986	Male	False	True	2016	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
O0L3RD63QP	1944	Female	True	True	2012	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
UJ2F1R6ODJ	1958	Female	True	False	2008	Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
JDWYGP605O	1941	Female	True	True	2006	None	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
E7UA8EHENF	1951	Male	True	True	2013	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	531.7478	913	103.09945	2.638530e+01
0EA27ICBLF	1952	Female	True	True	2000	Left	Don’t know	Severe	True	True	False	False	298.2615	158455	87.08839	2.519497e+01
WY25WHLA9D	NA	Male	True	False		Left	Don’t know		True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
NBISCUWYGS	1939	Male	True	False	2014	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
JMIVIRFQRR	1947	Male	True	True	2007	Right	3	Severe	True	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
BFXNVL50DC	1951	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	190.5086	32393	108.31018	4.980770e+01
5ARV4LHEJ0	1944	Male	True	False	2016	Right	2	Severe	False	False	False	True	265.3351	22275	101.06135	3.163705e+02
EKG57AN0N6	1951	Female	True	True	2005	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	353.5612	647	137.98547	4.496569e+01
VVYPNRQ5KG	1949	Female	True	True	2002	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
SOP2REQFUH	1943	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
ZQ4UHHUPNZ	NA	Male	True	True	2013	None	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
ICXFP2WKAU	1952	Male	True	True	2016	None	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
P8HEQZSYJN	1964	Female	True	True	2017	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
NPACI6EW26	1965	Female	True	True	2016	Left	Don’t know	Medium	False	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
YNVRRFC8S4	1927	Male	True	False	2010	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
SYUUDFV8IU	1954	Male	True	True	2015	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
LIOUUNGQ8Q	1958	Male	True	True	2008	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
0WTDIGPSBZ	1946	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
UH6FQWXIZI	1936	Male	False	True	2016	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
YI43UM1CEH	1958	Male	True	True	2015	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
ITWTZ5F3VW	1961	Male	True	False	2008	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
STW9PUPHWN	1946	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
T0RR5A7EFV	1943	Male	True	True	2015	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
SDZPQV3VZ1	NA	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
B4NL4SV9ZC	1941	Female	True	False	2016	None	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	False	537.1519	3096	158.54625	6.054592e+01
GRPUBQLE4F	1941	Female	True	True	2000	Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
SH6ZX4UKRO	1958	Female	True	True	2016	Right	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
NCHCW5MTBJ	1959	Male	True	False	2016	Right	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
YFZEXV85OS	1945	Female	True	False	2009	Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
OMCPRWYBSQ	1952	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
AJHHNPKG0K	1930	Male	True	True	2007	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	352.0131	2016	75.61756	1.509318e+01
39KQRZCESF	1942	Male	True	True	2013	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	True	False	False	315.1405	23971	178.43326	9.897973e+01
EF9XEFXPBN	1951	Female	True	False	2016	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	True	False	256.0726	37160	140.72281	5.163360e+01
U8RI3K0CGP	1941	Female	True	True	2017	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
JIRZDKEJQN	1985	Male	True	True	2014	None	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
NMMGWRY6SO	1948	Male	True	False	2016	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
K2VMDST8HC	1954	Male	True	False	2015	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	True	True	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
BENXJNDSC4	1960	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	378.5278	273	171.59414	3.258914e+01
Q6MXNH0MGM	1955	Female	True	True	2006	Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
M4ARHBY168	1950	Female	False	False	——	Left	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
VZWQROMTLO	1927	Male	True	False	2015	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
5CECBJXGB3	1954	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
LKR3NUMIFS	NA	Male	True	True		Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
E1E2I8HUGC	1960	Male	True	False	2015	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	386.0091	33	152.82121	5.825249e+01
WXNQ0QM0XD	1959	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
8EY6NZAKCI	1950	Female	True	True	2012	Right	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	284.3139	20978	171.95461	9.596028e+01
ZWHGXDUDLG	1942	Male	True	True	2013	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
C6UGS6P0J0	NA	Male	True	False		Right	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	224.8143	25046	132.45526	9.379063e+02
HQGUVYLVZH	NA	Male	True	True	2014	None	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
GEYWAGTINR	1929	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
AJIGSB2YPW	1949	Female	True	False	2004	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	480.3184	825	176.00061	6.562589e+01
EMYGMAIB2L	1945	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	377.7352	4611	124.56771	1.252255e+02
PWXIPGSKEF	1953	Female	True	False	2016	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
HB2JCE24IE	1956	Male	True	False	2011	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
81NEUZEBXI	NA	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	297.8238	16952	127.62709	3.973427e+01
XQIXWF0BXG	NA	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
PRGWGP1WH4	1935	Female	True	True	1991	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
R3OKI24Z0Q	1934	Female	True	True	2016	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
JWGIQXYUDJ	1947	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
ARUGT4UL2R	1955	Male	True	True		None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	True	True	488.4894	1215	109.93877	3.374783e+01
927ZLCPEJM	1947	Male	True	True	2013	Right	Don’t know	Medium	False	True	True	False	242.9068	25049	-3339.81535	1.733803e+05
9GBSZXI2BB	NA	Female	True	True	2014	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	473.5995	27830	165.39428	5.726117e+01
KCHR1NSQZO	1957	Male	True	True	2013	Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
SPNOI40JCA	1947	Male	True	False	2003	Left	3	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
CYC6IZJYTE	1954	Female	True	True	1998	Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	True	False	False	315.0088	5020	168.04972	5.465371e+01
CEU6KM05RU	NA	Female	True	False	2006	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	310.5882	5646	142.73565	1.178227e+02
6R9IGYWVWT	1947	Female	True	True	2014	Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	276.7008	11384	136.43818	6.087088e+01
UYBDVXACTH	1943	Male	True	True	2015	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
GMCJGJHMZN	1949	Female	True	False	1995	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	True	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
AVNGRDUXE5	1948	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	333.8823	4339	131.94351	5.425360e+01
JHBOKKHOQW	1939	Female	True	True	2016	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
I3U47MF5UF	1947	Female	True	True	2014	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
8TEUUGQBYB	1935	Male	True	True	2013	Right	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	False	323.2533	1419	73.27794	3.087032e+01
U25FAZCDZM	NA	Male	True	True	2017	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
IDYIDJBAXF	1940	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
0QAZFRHQHW	1959	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	405.9241	1334	102.87369	3.130196e+01
QXLSWXKHEX	1953	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
M0MTCXU0MH	1960	Female	True	True	2016	None	2	Severe	True	True	True	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
YAJFHG6OHD	1929	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
WBS5I7VF1G	1959	Female	True	False	2016	Right	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
9TUXDIR9EE	NA	Female	True	False	2016	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	245.5603	58	127.03276	4.009806e+01
RYQGAPGNAM	1937	Female	True	True	2015	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
FFNMFHHSZJ	1958	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
TDQGZRB2SU	1973	Female	True	True	2012	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
RDJPGMWKAG	NA	Male	True	False		Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
XPHHPHIVZ4	1957	Female	True	False	2016	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
AXXXXBBCCH	1949	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	345.5838	167	101.37964	2.921137e+01
ZI1KGKLCD5	1949	Male	True	False	2015	None	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
EBGLZDVO5S	1953	Female	True	True	2004	Left	3	Medium	True	False	False	True	562.5111	9	222.23333	6.092967e+01
L7Q0BDRZ9C	1963	Male	True	False	2004	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
9JRHCGCWAZ	1949	Female	True	True	2014	Right	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	342.8177	5381	147.82347	9.869809e+01
G6OE5CXQPY	1952	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
HVSWQYNG2N	NA	Male	True	True	2015	Left	Don’t know	Medium	False	True	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
MNMBCKNAAS	1965	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
GN3N4ZNCV9	1965	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
V2SZVYXBOD	1941	Female	True	False	2015	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
7XS9VOLXWU	1938	Female	True	True	2016	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	542.7201	1961	172.73335	5.872075e+01
8MERXVINPN	NA	Female	True	True	2012	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	True	False	False	331.6918	6980	131.07196	4.343527e+01
IZBOYJGXXB	1940	Female	True	True	2015	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
3MZWDTW7CC	NA	Female	True	False		None	Don’t know		False	False	False	False	391.2104	49020	160.92567	7.709097e+02
310NXPGJPD	1961	Female	True	True	2015	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	528.2999	2368	157.75685	4.359243e+01
RDJHNZGQL2	1948	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
CAXCJIKLYM	1946	Female	True	True	2015	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	True	202.3790	30778	92.71818	4.544757e+01
1HOEBIGASW	1944	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	463.9175	63	65.56825	1.191089e+01
BIGWMXFU3B	1937	Male	True	False	2016	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	326.0908	576	943.53333	1.902386e+04
LVRTXTCS1Z	1932	Female	True	False		None	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
SGT8K5GXG0	1942	Male	True	False	2015	Right	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
9RCEHVGNCJ	1951	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	242.5451	11465	117.50986	5.094868e+01
R8CJDKFQJZ	1942	Female	True	True	2016	None	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
ZCPALNB4ZM	1937	Female	True	True	2015	Right	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
MQ6HDDONF0	1949	Female	True	False	1992	Right	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
YYPKGX6B24	1928	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
1WMVCCU4RH	1953	Male	True	True	2017	Left	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
95S93AXF86	1952	Female	True	True	2010	None	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	True	211.8744	11810	101.25857	4.326457e+01
6YXFEMHYZI	1947	Female	True	True	2004	Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	True	False	True	287.7500	6	144.50000	2.466577e+00
GOCJ4TNPII	1945	Male	True	False	2006	Left	Don’t know	Mild	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
NMKZDOICAB	1952	Male	True	True	2005	None	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
TAGYMXUFJE	NA	Male	True	True		Right	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
ASP8RSNO73	1961	Male	True	True		Right	Don’t know	Severe	True	True	True	True	408.9988	165	107.64545	3.482933e+01
KKTY9PC9XM	1936	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
PW8A521Y5K	NA	Male	True	True	2016	Left	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
HYGNDIWHSC	1937	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
ZPXSHZSGKI	1942	Male	True	True	2014	Right	Don’t know	Medium	False	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
KRJVEQSLL5	1948	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
L2GM3QU5IO	1969	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
UUIZH9TDXR	1958	Female	True	False	2015	Left	Don’t know	Severe	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
KEWWVGP2NM	NA	Male	True	True	2014	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	True	NA	NA	NA	NA
E0XRQVF05S	1936	Female	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	403.6533	15	145.84000	4.923383e+01
YQSGN9BMVK	1948	Male	False	False	——	None	Don’t know	——	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
QAH9IVALVC	1942	Female	True	True	2015	Right	Don’t know	Medium	True	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
VSBEPFSFWK	1952	Female	True	False	2016	Right	Don’t know	Mild	False	False	False	False	NA	NA	NA	NA
QSFGD1TSPA	NA	Male	True	False		Left	Don’t know	Medium	True	True	True	True	NA	NA	NA	NA

---

Visualisation 1: Difference between latency in Parkinsons v Controls

#Download the applicable packages
library(dplyr)
library(tidyverse)
library(data.table)
#Load dataset, specifying separators and header in dataframe
df <- read.csv('/Users/leahm/Documents/R/Parkinsons Data/PSY6422 project/summary_tappy_data.csv', sep=',', header =TRUE)
rank_comparison <- df %>% select('Parkinsons', 'typing_mean')
typingmeandata <- df %>% select('Parkinsons', 'typing_mean')
typingmeandata <- mutate(typingmeandata, State = ifelse(Parkinsons == 'True', "Has Parkinsons", "No Parkinsons"), )
Parkinsons_cleaned <- na.omit(typingmeandata)
typingmeandata <- df %>% select('Parkinsons', 'typing_mean', 'hold_std')
typingmeandata <- mutate(typingmeandata, State = ifelse(Parkinsons == 'True', "Has Parkinsons", "No Parkinsons"), )
#Remove NA values
parkinsons_cleaned <- na.omit(typingmeandata)
#Remove STD Outliers
parkinsons_cleaned_outliersremoved <- parkinsons_cleaned[!(parkinsons_cleaned$hold_std > 100),]
#Create table
parkinsons_table = data.table(parkinsons_cleaned_outliersremoved)
#Group table to show averages table
parkinsons_table[,mean(typing_mean), by = 'State']

##             State       V1
## 1: Has Parkinsons 354.3253
## 2:  No Parkinsons 358.0589

#Create graph to show difference in averages between Parkinson's and non-Parkinson's participants
ggplot(data = parkinsons_cleaned_outliersremoved, mapping = aes(x = Parkinsons, y = typing_mean, color = Parkinsons)) + geom_point() + ggtitle("Differences in average typing latency (ms) in participants with Parkinson's Disease vs those without.") + xlab("Parkinsons Diagnosis") + ylab("Average typing latency (ms)")

Figure 1: A graph to show the average typing latencies in those with and without Parkinson’s.

#Save output
ggsave('latency.png')

The motivation for producing this graph was to see the distribution of the average typing latencies between conditions, in order to visualise whether there is a difference between Parkinson’s and non-Parkinson’s participants keyboard interactions. Findings from Adams et al (2017) suggested that through these differences, you could accurately diagnose the disease in patients who had a longer typing latency. However, this graph demonstrates very little difference between the average typing latency of people with Parkinson’s Disease in comparison to controls.

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Summary

This piece of research has given me a strong insight into the importance of data preparation and organisation, providing me with experience with a new programming language (R) that I was unfamiliar with. From my analysis, it was unclear of the extent to which Parkinson’s Disease affects human-computer interactions in terms of keyboard typing.

One possible confound to this was that much of the data had to be excluded due to outliers or non-applicable findings. This meant that the pieces of data that were analysed as part of this project were fewer than the total number collected for the original study.

Another interesting part of this study would be to compare how the typing of those with Parkinson’s Disease decreases over the course of data collection (for example, over a one year period). This would provide longitudinal data as to how the disease deteriorates typing speed over time. I believe this would provide important insight into the course of Parkinson’s degeneration in relation to motor actions. Additionally, I would like to see within participants of how confounding variables such as tremors and medication may affect typing speed latency.

I believe that I could have also looked at other information within the visualisations such as hold time mean and hold time standard deviation, as seen within Table 1.

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Additional Notes

I found this project very challenging in terms of data preparation, however I believe this only made the outcomes even more rewarding. Persistence and patience were key for this analysis, which meant I could reap the rewards of my hard work! I thoroughly enjoyed learning more about R as I had never encountered this software before. I now feel much more confident when using R Studio and feel like in future, I will be able to provide even more insightful visualisations!

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Work completed by Leah McGrath

lmcgrath2@sheffield.ac.uk